Unfortunately, psql do not have interactive command like Oracle's SQLPlus does - "&' . Using \prompt and \set is as close as it gets. Also, they need to be within a sql script to be called. The \prompt does not go through automatically.
\prompt 'username please: ' prompt_username
\set username_var ':prompt_username'
select * from pg_user where usename = :'prompt_username'
OR
\prompt 'username please: ' prompt_username
\set username_var '\'' :prompt_username '\''
select * from pg_user where usename = :username_var;
Put them into a sql file and call them from psql.
-bash-4.1$ psql -d vcdb -U vc -f usercheck.sql
username please: postgres
usename | usesysid | usecreatedb | usesuper | usecatupd | userepl | passwd | valuntil | useconfig
----------+----------+-------------+----------+-----------+---------+----------+----------+-----------
postgres | 10 | t | t | t | t | ******** | |
(1 row)
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